Ihe ọhụrụ na nke mbụ TPA3116D2DADR Integrated circuit IC Chips electronics components

N'oge mmalite nke mgbawa semiconductor, silicon abụghị isi agwa, germanium bụ.Nke mbụ transistor bụ transistor dabere na germanium na mgbawa sekit nke mbụ jikọtara ọnụ bụ mgbawa germanium.
Bardeen na Bratton chepụtara transistor nke mbụ, bụ ndị chepụtara transistor bipolar (BJT).Shockley chepụtara diode mbụ P/N junction na, ozugbo, ụdị nkwụsịtụ nke Shockley mere ka ọ bụrụ usoro ọkọlọtọ maka BJT ma na-arụ ọrụ taa.E nyekwara ha atọ n’ime ha ihe nrite Nobel na Fiziks n’afọ ahụ na 1956.
Enwere ike ịghọta transistor dị ka obere mgba ọkụ.Dabere na njirimara nke semiconductor, enwere ike ịmepụta semiconductor ụdị N site na doping semiconductor na phosphorus na ụdị P-ụdị semiconductor nwere boron.Nchikota nke N-ụdị na P-ụdị semiconductors na-eme ka njikọ PN, ihe dị mkpa dị na ibe kọmputa;Nke a na-enye ohere ka arụ ọrụ ezi uche dị iche iche (dịka ọnụ ụzọ ámá, ọnụ ụzọ ámá, ndị na-abụghị ọnụ ụzọ, wdg.)
Otú ọ dị, Germanium nwere ụfọdụ nsogbu siri ike, dị ka ọtụtụ ntụpọ interface dị na semiconductor, nkwụsi ike na-ekpo ọkụ na-adịghị mma, na enweghị oke oxides.Ọzọkwa, germanium bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke nwere naanị akụkụ asaa kwa nde n'ime eriri ụwa, na ore germanium na-agbasasịkwa nke ukwuu.Ọ bụ n'ihi na germanium dị ụkọ ma ghara itinye uche ya na ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa maka germanium ka dị elu;ihe dị ụkọ, na ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa na-eme ka germanium transistor ghara ịdị ọnụ ala, ya mere ọ na-esiri ike ịmepụta transistor germanium n'ọtụtụ buru ibu.

Ya mere, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-awụli elu na-ele anya na silicon.Ị nwere ike ịsị na erughị eru germanium niile bụ uru silik na-esi pụta.

Silicon bụ nke abụọ kasị ukwuu mmewere mgbe oxygen, ma ị nwere ike ihu ọma na-ahụ silicon monomers na ọdịdị;Ogige ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ silica na silicates.N'ime ndị a, silica bụ n'aka nke ya bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi nke ájá.Na mgbakwunye, ogige ndị dị ka feldspar, granite, na quartz niile dabere na ogige silica-oxygen.

Silicon kwụsiri ike na-ekpo ọkụ, nwere nnukwu oxide dielectric dị elu, yana enwere ike ịkwadebe ya ngwa ngwa site na iji silicon-silicon oxide interface nwere ntụpọ interfacial ole na ole.

Silicon oxide bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na mmiri (germanium oxide bụ soluble na mmiri) yana enweghị ike ime n'ọtụtụ acid, nke bụ nnọọ ihe egwuregwu zuru oke maka usoro mbipụta corrosion ejiri maka bọọdụ sekit ebipụtara.Ngwaahịa nke ngwakọta a bụ usoro dị larịị maka sekit jikọtara ọnụ nke na-aga n'ihu ruo taa.
Ogidi kristal silicon

Njem silicon n'elu
Mwepụta nke dara ada: A na-ekwu na Shockley hụrụ nnukwu ohere ahịa n'oge ọ nweghị onye enwebeghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta transistor silicon;ya mere o jiri hapụ Bell Labs na 1956 ka ọ malite ụlọ ọrụ nke ya na California.N'ụzọ dị mwute, Shockley abụghị ezigbo onye ọchụnta ego na njikwa azụmahịa ya bụ ọrụ nzuzu ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkà mmụta ya.Yabụ na Shockley n'onwe ya emezughị ebumnuche nke iji silicon dochie germanium, ebe egwuregwu maka ndụ ya niile bụ podium na Mahadum Stanford.Otu afọ ka e guzobechara ya, ụmụ okorobịa asatọ ahụ nwere nkà ọ kpọbatara si n'ebe ọ nọ pụọ n'ìgwè, ma ọ bụ "ndị aghụghọ asatọ" ga-emecha ọchịchọ nke iji silicon dochie germanium.

Mmụba nke transistor silicon

Tupu Eight Renegades tọrọ ntọala Fairchild Semiconductor, germanium transistors bụ ahịa kachasị maka transistor, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde 30 transistor arụpụtara na United States na 1957, naanị otu nde silicon transistors na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde 29 transistors germanium.Site na oke ahịa 20%, Texas Instruments ghọrọ nnukwu n'ahịa transistor.
Renegades asatọ na Fairchild Semiconductor

Ndị ahịa kasị ukwuu nke ahịa, ndị ọchịchị US na ndị agha, chọrọ iji ibe n'ọtụtụ buru ibu na rọketi na ngwa agha, na-abawanye ibu mmalite mmalite bara uru ma melite ntụkwasị obi nke njedebe njikwa.Mana transistor ga-echekwa ọnọdụ arụ ọrụ siri ike nke oke okpomọkụ na ịma jijiji na-eme ihe ike kpatara.

Germanium bụ nke mbụ na-efunahụ ya ma a bịa na okpomọkụ: germanium transistor nwere ike iguzogide okpomọkụ nke naanị 80 Celsius, ebe ihe ndị agha chọrọ bụ maka ịrụ ọrụ kwụsiri ike ọbụna na 200 Celsius.Naanị silicon transistor nwere ike iguzogide okpomọkụ a.
The omenala silicon transistor

Fairchild chepụtara usoro nke imepụta transistors silicon, na-eme ka ha dị mfe ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka akwụkwọ e biri ebi yana dị ọnụ ala karịa transistor germanium n'ihe gbasara ọnụahịa.Usoro Fairchild maka ime transistor silicon siri ike dịka ndị a.

Nke mbụ, a na-eji aka na-ese nhazi, mgbe ụfọdụ buru ibu nke na ọ na-ebuli mgbidi, mgbe ahụ, a na-ese foto ma belata ya na obere mpempe akwụkwọ translucent, na-enwekarị ụzọ abụọ nke mpempe akwụkwọ atọ, nke ọ bụla na-anọchi anya oyi akwa sekit.

Nke abuo, a na-etinye akwa oyi akwa nke ihe na-emetụ ọkụ na silicon wafer nke sliced ​​na nke a na-egbu maramara, na-eji UV / laser kpuchie usoro sekit site na mpempe akwụkwọ transillumination na silicon wafer.

Nke atọ, mpaghara na ahịrị dị na akụkụ gbara ọchịchịrị nke mpempe akwụkwọ transillumination na-ahapụ ụkpụrụ na-enweghị atụ na wafer silicon;A na-eji ihe ngwọta acid na-ehicha ụkpụrụ ndị a na-enweghị atụ, ma a na-agbakwunye adịghị ọcha nke semiconductor (usoro mgbasa ozi) ma ọ bụ ndị na-eduzi ígwè.

Nke anọ, imegharị nzọụkwụ atọ dị n'elu maka wafer translucent ọ bụla, enwere ike nweta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke transistors na silicon wafers, nke ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ na-egbutu n'okpuru microscope wee jikọọ na wires, wee chịkọta, nwale ma ree.

Site na transistor silicon dị n'ọtụtụ buru ibu, ndị isi asatọ ahụ malitere Fairchild so na ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike iguzo n'akụkụ ndị dike dị ka Texas Instruments.

Ntugharị dị mkpa - Intel
Ọ bụ mmepụta nke sekit agbakwunyere na-esote nke chịkọtara ikike nke germanium.N'oge ahụ, e nwere ahịrị teknụzụ abụọ, otu maka sekit agbakwunyere na ibe germanium sitere na Texas Instruments na otu maka sekit agbakwunyere na ibe silicon sitere na Fairchild.Na mbụ, ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ nwere esemokwu kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ maka ikike nke patent na sekit agbakwunyere, ma mgbe e mesịrị, Ụlọ Ọrụ Patent ghọtara na ọ bụ ikike nke patent na sekit agbakwunyere site na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ.
Agbanyeghị, ka usoro Fairchild na-aga n'ihu karịa, ọ ghọrọ ọkọlọtọ maka sekit agbakwunyere ma na-aga n'ihu na-eji ya taa.Ka oge na-aga, Noyce, onye mepụtara sekit agbakwunyere, na Moore, onye mepụtara Iwu Moore, hapụrụ Centron Semiconductor, bụ ndị, na mberede, bụ ndị otu "Ndị Traitors asatọ".Ha na Grove mebere ihe bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbawa semiconductor kachasị n'ụwa ugbu a, Intel.
Ndị guzobere Intel atọ, site n'aka ekpe: Grove, Noyce, na Moore

N'ime mmepe ndị sochirinụ, Intel kpaliri ibe silicon.Ọ meriri ndị dike dị ka Texas Instruments, Motorola, na IBM ka ọ bụrụ eze nke nchekwa semiconductor na ngalaba CPU.

Ka Intel ghọrọ onye na-eme egwuregwu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, silicon kwụsịrị germanium, na ihe bụbu Santa Clara Valley ka e degharịrị aha "Silicon Valley".Kemgbe ahụ, ibe silicon abụrụla ihe nhata nke ibe semiconductor na nghọta ọha.

Otú ọ dị, Germanium nwere nsogbu ndị siri ike idozi, dị ka ọtụtụ ntụpọ interface nke semiconductor, nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ adịghị mma, na enweghị oke oxides.Ọzọkwa, germanium bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke nwere naanị akụkụ asaa kwa nde n'ime eriri ụwa, na ore germanium na-agbasasịkwa nke ukwuu.Ọ bụ n'ihi na germanium dị ụkọ ma ghara itinye uche ya na ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa maka germanium ka dị elu;ihe dị ụkọ, ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa na-eme ka germanium transistor ghara ịdị ọnụ ala, ya mere ọ na-esiri ike ịmepụta transistor germanium n'ọtụtụ buru ibu.

Ya mere, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-awụli elu na-ele anya na silicon.Ị nwere ike ịsị na adịghị ike niile nke germanium bụ ihe ike silikoni pụta.

Silicon bụ nke abụọ kasị ukwuu mmewere mgbe oxygen, ma ị nwere ike ihu ọma na-ahụ silicon monomers na ọdịdị;Ogige ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ silica na silicates.N'ime ndị a, silica bụ n'aka nke ya bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi nke ájá.Na mgbakwunye, ogige ndị dị ka feldspar, granite, na quartz niile dabere na ogige silica-oxygen.

Silicon kwụsiri ike na-ekpo ọkụ, nwere nnukwu oxide dielectric dị elu, yana enwere ike ịkwadebe ya ngwa ngwa site na iji silicon-silicon oxide interface nwere ntụpọ interfacial ole na ole.

Silicon oxide bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na mmiri (germanium oxide bụ soluble n'ime mmiri) yana enweghị ike ime ya n'ọtụtụ acid, nke bụ nnọọ ihe egwuregwu zuru oke maka usoro mbipụta corrosion ejiri maka bọọdụ sekit ebipụtara.Ngwaahịa nke nchikota a bụ usoro nhazi sekit agbakwunyere na-aga n'ihu ruo taa.