01 Akụkọ ntolite nke MCU
MCU, microcontroller, o nwere aha a ma ama: microcomputer otu mgbawa.
Ọ bụ n'ezie ụtọ ebe bụ ịkwaga a set nke isi kọmputa usoro na mgbawa, gụnyere esịtidem version nke CPU RAM ROM IO counter serial ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na arụmọrụ bụ n'ezie bụghị dị ka sara mbara dị ka a na kọmputa, ma ọ bụ ala ike programmable na. na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ na ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị na-azụ ahịa, nkwukọrịta ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ụgbọ ala nwere ọtụtụ ngwa ngwa.
A mụrụ ya na 1971, Intel haziri microprocessor mbụ nke ụwa - nọmba 4004 4-bit mgbawa, mgbawa a na-ejikọta ihe karịrị 2,000 transistors, na Intel nyekwara 4001, 4002, 4003 ibe, RAM, ROM na ndekọ.
Mgbe ngwaahịa anọ a gara n'ahịa, Intel dere na mgbasa ozi "Kwapụta oge ọhụrụ nke sekit agbakwunyere: microcomputer condensed na otu mgbawa."N'oge ahụ, minicomputer na mainframes bụ tumadi 8-bit na 16-bit processors, ya mere, n'oge na-adịghị Intel malitere 8-bit microprocessor 8008 na 1972 iji merie ngwa ngwa ahịa, na-emeghe oge nke otu-chip microcomputers.
N'afọ 1976, Intel wepụtara 8748 onye na-ahụ maka microcomputer nke mbụ nke ụwa, nke na-ejikọta 8-bit CPU, 8-bit parallel I / O, 8-bit counter, RAM, ROM, wdg, nke nwere ike izute mkpa nke njikwa ụlọ ọrụ n'ozuzu na ngwá ọrụ, nke 8748 nọchiri anya ya, na-emepe nchọpụta nke microcomputer otu mgbawa na mpaghara mmepụta ihe.
Na 1980s, 8-bit single-chip microcomputers malitere na-eto eto, RAM na ROM ikike mụbara, n'ozuzu na serial interfaces, multi-level nkwụsịtụ nhazi usoro, multiple 16-bit counters, wdg Na 1983, Intel malitere MCS. -96 usoro nke 16-bit microcontrollers na-arụ ọrụ dị elu, yana transistor agbakwunyere 120,000.
Ebe ọ bụ na 1990s, microcomputer otu-chip abanyela na ọkwa nke otu narị ụlọ akwụkwọ nke echiche, na arụmọrụ, ọsọ, ntụkwasị obi, ntinye na oge ntoju zuru oke, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ibe n'ime ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ ndekọ data, site na 4 bits mbụ. ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite, na 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit na 64-bit otu mgbawa microcomputers.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ekewa usoro ntụziaka nke MCU na CISC na RISC, na isi ihe owuwu bụ ARM Cortex, Intel 8051 na RISC-V.
Dị ka 2020 China General Microcontroller (MCU) Brief Market si kwuo, ngwaahịa MCU 32-bit ruru 55% nke ahịa ahụ, ngwaahịa 8-bit sochiri, na-aza 43%, ngwaahịa 4-bit na-aza 2%, 16. -bit ngwaahịa na-aza 1%, enwere ike ịhụ na ngwaahịa ndị a na-ahụkarị na ahịa bụ 32-bit na 8-bit MCU, na oghere ahịa nke ngwaahịa MCU 16-bit emebiwo nke ukwuu.
CISC ntuziaka setịpụrụ ngwaahịa ruru 24% nke ahịa, RISC ntụziaka set ngwaahịa ruru 76% nke ahịa bụ isi ngwaahịa;Ngwaahịa Intel 8051 bụ isi maka 22% nke ahịa, ngwaahịa ARM Cortex-M0 sochiri, na-aza 20%, ngwaahịa ARM Cortex-M3 ruru 14%, ngwaahịa ARM Cortex-M4 ruru 12%, ngwaahịa ARM Cortex-M0+. nwetara 5%, ngwaahịa ARM Cortex-M23 bụ 1%, ngwaahịa RISC-V bụ 1%, na ndị ọzọ nwetara 24%.Ngwaahịa ARM Cortex-M0+ nwetara 5%, ngwaahịa ARM Cortex-M23 bụ 1%, ngwaahịa RISC-V bụ 1%, na ndị ọzọ nwetara 24%.Na mkpokọta, ARM Cortex usoro cores na-akpata 52% nke ahịa ahịa.
Ahịa MCU anọwo na-eche ihu mbelata ọnụahịa dị ịrịba ama n'ime afọ 20 gara aga, mana ọnụ ahịa ire ere ya (ASP) na-ebelata n'ime afọ ise gara aga.Mgbe enwechara ọdịda na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, adịghị ike akụ na ụba ụwa, na nsogbu ọrịa na-efe efe, ahịa MCU malitere ịmaliteghachi na 2020. Dị ka IC Insights si kwuo, mbupu MCU mụbara site na 8% na 2020, na ngụkọta MCU na 2021 mụbara ruo 12%, ndekọ dị elu nke ijeri 30.9, ebe ASP gbagoro 10%, mmụba kachasị elu na afọ 25.
IC Insights na-atụ anya na mbupu MCU ga-eru ijeri ijeri 35.8 n'ime afọ ise na-esote, yana ire ahịa ijeri $ 27.2.N'ime ndị a, a na-atụ anya ire ahịa MCU 32-bit ga-eru $ 20 ijeri na ọnụego uto kwa afọ nke 9.4%, a na-atụ anya na MCU 16-bit ga-eru $ 4.7 ijeri, na 4-bit MCU adịghị atụ anya na-egosi uto.
02 Cargbọ ala MCU na-agba ọsọ
Igwe eletrọnịkị ụgbọ ala bụ ọnọdụ ngwa kachasị ukwuu nke MCU.IC Insights na-atụ anya ahịa MCU zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọ ga-eto 10% gaa na ndekọ $ 21.5 ijeri na 2022, yana MCUs ụgbọ ala na-eto karịa ọtụtụ ahịa njedebe ndị ọzọ.
Ihe karịrị 40% nke ahịa MCU sitere na ngwa elektrọnik ụgbọ ala, a na-atụkwa anya na ire MCU ụgbọ ala ga-eto na CAGR nke 7.7% n'ime afọ ise na-abịa, na-akarị MCUs ebumnuche izugbe (7.3%).
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị MCU ụgbọ ala na-abụkarị 8-bit, 16-bit na 32-bit, na ibe dị iche iche nke MCU na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche.
Kpọmkwem:
A na-ejikarị 8-bit MCU maka ọrụ nchịkwa dịtụ ala, dị ka njikwa oche, ikuku oyi, fan, windo, na modul njikwa ọnụ ụzọ.
A na-ejikarị 16-bit MCU maka ahụ dị ala, dị ka injin, breeki eletrọnịkị, sistemu nkwusioru na sistemu ike na nnyefe ndị ọzọ.
MCU 32-bit dabara na ọgụgụ isi ụgbọ ala ma na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ọnọdụ ọgụgụ isi na nchekwa dị elu dị ka ntụrụndụ kokpiiti, ADAS na njikwa ahụ.
N'oge a, 8-bit MCU na-eto eto na arụmọrụ yana ikike ebe nchekwa, yana site na ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ahịa nke aka ha, ha nwere ike dochie ụfọdụ MCU 16-bit na ngwa ma na-adaghachi azụ na 4-bit MCUs.MCU 32-bit ga-arụ ọrụ nchịkwa nchịkwa dị mkpa na-arịwanye elu n'ime ụgbọ ala E / E niile, nke nwere ike ijikwa nkeji anọ gbasasịa ala na etiti etiti ECU, ọnụ ọgụgụ ojiji ga-aga n'ihu na-abawanye.
Ọnọdụ dị n'elu na-eme 16-bit MCU n'ọnọdụ dị oke egwu, ọ bụghị elu ma dị ala, mana n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ngwa, ọ ka bara uru, dịka ụfọdụ ngwa ngwa nke sistemu ike.
Ọgụgụ isi ụgbọ ala akwalitela mmasị maka 32-bit MCUs, yana ihe karịrị ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ahịa MCU ụgbọ ala na-abịa site na 32-bit MCU na 2021, na-atụ anya iru ihe dị ka ijeri $ 5.83;MCU 16-bit ga-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri $1.34 na ego ha nwetara;na 8-bit MCU ga-ewepụta ihe dị ka nde $441 na ego ha nwetara, dịka akụkọ McClean siri kwuo.
N'ọkwa ngwa, infotainment bụ ọnọdụ ngwa nwere mmụba kachasị elu nke afọ karịa afọ na ahịa MCU ụgbọ ala, yana uto 59% na 2021 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2020, yana uto 20% na-enweta ego maka ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ.
Ugbu a ihe niile eletrọnịkị akara nke ụgbọ ala iji ECU (elektrọnịkị njikwa unit), na MCU bụ isi akara mgbawa ECU, onye ọ bụla ECU nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu MCU, ya mere, ugbu a ogbo nke mgbanwe na nkwalite nke nwere ọgụgụ isi electrification kpaliri ọchịchọ maka. Ojiji otu ụgbọ ala MCU na-abawanye.
Dị ka data si na Research Department of Automotive Marketing Expert Committee nke China Marketing Institute, nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ECU ndị nkịtị omenala mmanụ ụgbọala ụgbọala bụ 70;ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ECU na-ebu site na okomoko ọdịnala mmanụ ụgbọala nwere ike iru 150 n'ihi elu arụmọrụ chọrọ maka oche, Central akara na ntụrụndụ, ahu kwụsie ike na nchekwa;na nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ECU nke ụgbọ ala smart na-ebu nwere ike iru 300 n'ihi ngwanrọ ọhụrụ na ngwaike chọrọ maka ịnya ụgbọ ala kwụụrụ onwe ya na ịnya ụgbọ ala nyere aka, nke dabara na ọnụọgụ MCU nke otu ụgbọ ala na-eji ga-erukwa ihe karịrị 300.
Ọchịchọ siri ike maka ndị MCU sitere na ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala pụtara ìhè na 2021, mgbe enwere ụkọ cores n'ihi ọrịa ahụ.N'afọ ahụ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala ga-emechi obere ahịrị mmepụta ụfọdụ n'ihi enweghị cores, mana ire nke MCU ụgbọ ala gbagoro 23% ruo ijeri $ 7.6, ndekọ dị elu.
A na-emepụta ọtụtụ n'ime ibe akpaaka site na iji wafers 8-inch, ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ihe dị ka TI ruo 12-inch line nyefe, IDM ga-abụkwa akụkụ nke ebe nrụpụta ike, nke MCU na-achịkwa, ihe dịka 70% nke ikike site na TSMC. .Agbanyeghị, azụmaahịa ụgbọ ala n'onwe ya na-aza maka obere TSMC, yana TSMC na-elekwasị anya na teknụzụ teknụzụ dị elu nke ngwa elektrọn ndị ahịa, yabụ ahịa MCU ụgbọ ala dị ụkọ.
Ụkọ nke akpakanamde ibe na-edu dum semiconductor ụlọ ọrụ nwekwara butere a ife nke mgbasawanye, isi foundries na IDM osisi na-arụsi ọrụ ike ịgbasa mmepụta, ma na-elekwasị anya dị iche iche.
A na-atụ anya na a ga-etinye TSMC Kumamoto osisi na njedebe nke 2024, na mgbakwunye na usoro 22 / 28nm, ọ ga-enyekwu usoro 12 na 16nm, ụlọ ọrụ Nanjing ga-amụba mmepụta na 28nm, na-enwe ike mmepụta kwa ọnwa nke 40,000 iberibe;
SMIC na-ezube ịgbasa mmepụta site na opekata mpe 45,000 8-inch wafer na opekata mpe 10,000 12-inch wafer na 2021, wee wuo ahịrị mmepụta inch 12 nke nwere ikike kwa ọnwa nke 120,000 wafers na Lingang, na-elekwasị anya na 28nm na n'elu ọnụ.
Huahong na-atụ anya ime ngwangwa mgbasawanye nke 12-inch mmepụta ikike na 94,500 iberibe na 2022;
Renesas kwuputara oke ya na osisi Kumamoto nke TSMC n'ebumnuche ịgbasa ọpụpụ ọpụpụ, yana ebumnuche ịbawanye ọkọnọ MCU ụgbọ ala site na 50% site na 2023, yana ikike MCU dị elu na-atụ anya ịbawanye site na 50% yana ikike MCU dị ala site na 70% tụnyere njedebe nke 2021.
STMicroelectronics ga-etinye ego $ 1.4 ijeri na 2022 maka mgbasawanye, na-ezube okpukpu abụọ nke ike nke osisi Europe site na 2025, tumadi iji mee ka ikike 12-inch dịkwuo elu, yana maka ikike 8-inch, SMicroelectronics ga-ahọrọ nkwalite maka ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị achọ 12- inch teknụzụ.
Texas Instruments ga-agbakwunye osisi ọhụrụ anọ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-arụ ọrụ nke mbụ na 2025, a ga-ewukwa osisi nke atọ na nke anọ n'etiti 2026 na 2030;
ON Semiconductor mụbara itinye ego isi obodo ya ruo 12%, ọkachasị maka mgbasawanye ike wafer 12-inch.
Nghọta IC nwere data na-adọrọ mmasị na ASP nke 32-bit MCU niile na-agbada na CAGR nke -4.4% kwa afọ n'etiti 2015 na 2020, mana ọ na-ebili ihe dịka 13% ruo ihe dịka $ 0.72 na 2021. Na-atụgharị na ahịa ntụpọ. , Mgbanwe ọnụahịa nke ụgbọ ala MCU pụtara ìhè karị: NXP 32-bit MCU FS32K144HAT0MLH nwere ọnụ ahịa kwụ ọtọ nke $22 gbagoro ruru $550, nke karịrị ugboro 20, nke bụ otu n'ime ibe ụgbọ ala na-adị ụkọ n'oge ahụ.
Infineon 32-bit automotive MCU SAK-TC277TP-64F200N DC agbagoro ruo yuan 4,500, mmụba nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugboro 100, otu usoro nke SAK-TC275T-64F200N DC gbagoro karịa yuan 2,000.
N'akụkụ nke ọzọ, ndị na-eji ngwá electronic na mbụ na-ekpo ọkụ malitere ịjụ oyi, adịghị ike na-achọsi ike, yana mmụba nke ngbanwe nke ụlọ, na-eme ka ebumnuche izugbe, ọnụ ahịa MCU ndị ahịa azụ, ụfọdụ ụdị mgbawa ST dị ka F0/F1/F3. ọnụ ahịa usoro bịarutere nso ọnụahịa nkịtị, na ọbụna asịrị ahịa na ọnụahịa nke ụfọdụ MCU dara site na ọnụahịa ụlọ ọrụ.
Agbanyeghị, MCU ụgbọ ala dịka Renesas, NXP, Infineon, na ST ka nọ n'ọnọdụ ụkọ.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụahịa nke ST's high-performance 32-bit MCU STM32H743VIT6 rịgoro na 600 yuan na njedebe nke afọ gara aga, ebe ọnụahịa ya bụ naanị 48 yuan afọ abụọ gara aga.Mmụba ahụ karịrị ugboro 10;Infineon Automotive MCU SAK-TC237LP-32F200N AC ahịa ahịa na October afọ gara aga na ihe dị ka $1200, December na-enye ihe ruru $3800, na ọbụna na ndị ọzọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-enye ihe karịrị $5000.
03 Ahịa ahụ buru ibu, mmepụta ụlọ dị obere
Okirikiri asọmpi MCU bụ nke ndị dike esenidụt na-achị dị ka mpaghara asọmpi semiconductor niile.Na 2021, ise kacha ere MCU bụ NXP, Microchip, Renesas, ST, na Infineon.Ndị na-ere ahịa MCU ise a ruru 82.1% nke ngụkọta ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 72.2% na 2016, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ ọrụ isi akụkọ na-eto eto n'ime afọ ndị na-esote.
Tụnyere ndị na-azụ ahịa na MCU ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọnụ ụzọ asambodo MCU ụgbọ ala dị elu na oge asambodo dị ogologo, usoro asambodo gụnyere ISO26262 ọkọlọtọ asambodo, AEC-Q001 ~ 004 na IATF16949 ọkọlọtọ asambodo, AEC-Q100/Q104 ọkọlọtọ asambodo, nke ISO2622. A na-ekewa nchekwa ọrụ ụgbọ ala n'ime ọkwa anọ nke ASIL-A ruo D. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, chassis na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ nwere ihe nchebe kachasị elu ma chọọ ọkwa ASIL-D, ndị na-emepụta mgbawa ole na ole nwere ike izute ọnọdụ ahụ.
Dabere na data nyocha Strategy, ahịa MCU zuru ụwa ọnụ na nke anụ ụlọ bụ NXP, Renesas, Infineon, Texas Instruments, Microchip, nwere oke ahịa nke 85%.Ọ bụ ezie na 32-bit MCU ka bụ ndị nnukwu esenidụt ka na-achịkwa, ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ewepụla.
04 Nkwubi okwu
Mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ụgbọ ala eletrik nwere ọgụgụ isi, yabụ ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta mgbawa abanyela, dị ka Nvidia, Qualcomm, Intel nọ na kokpiiti nwere ọgụgụ isi, mgbawa ịnya ụgbọ ala kwụụrụ onwe ya, na-akpakọ ohere ndụ nke ndị na-emepụta mgbawa ochie.Mmepe nke ụgbọ ala MCU esila n'ilekwasị anya na mmepe onwe na nkwalite arụmọrụ gaa na asọmpi gburugburu maka mbelata ọnụ ahịa ka na-ejigide uru teknụzụ.
Na akpakanamde E / E architecture si na-ekesa na ngalaba akara, na-emecha kwupụta Central mwekota, a ga-enwe ọzọ na ndị ọzọ multi-arụ ọrụ na mfe obere njedebe mgbawa ga-anọchi, elu-arụmọrụ, elu mgbako ike na ndị ọzọ elu-ọgwụgwụ. ibe ga-abụ ihe na-elekwasị anya nke asọmpi mgbawa ụgbọ ala n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na isi ọrụ nchịkwa nke MCU site na mbelata nọmba ECU n'ọdịnihu dị ntakịrị, dị ka Tesla chassis control ECU, otu nwere 3-4 MCU, mana ụfọdụ ọrụ dị mfe. A ga-ejikọta isi MCU.N'ozuzu, ahịa maka ụgbọ ala MCUs na ohere maka nnọchi ụlọ n'afọ ndị na-abịanụ bụ ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na ọ buru ibu.
Oge nzipu: Feb-01-2023